"Flap of Hope: a Pectoralis Major Muscle Solution for Tracheal Resection Closure": Case Report.

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare type of thyroid cancer that arises from the parafollicular cells or C-cells, which produce calcitonin. It accounts for approximately 5-10% of all thyroid cancers (Leboulleux et al. in Clin Endocrinol 61(3):299-310, 2004). The main treatment for medullary thyroid carcinoma is surgery, which involves the removal of the thyroid gland and any affected lymph nodes. In advanced cases where the cancer has spread to nearby structures such as the trachea (Gupta et al. in Indian J Surg Oncol 11(1):75-79, 2020), tracheal resection followed by reconstruction may be necessary to remove the cancer (Chernichenko et al. in Curr Opin Oncol 24(1):29-34, 2012) and restore proper breathing, closure of large tracheal defect can be done with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (Salmerón-González et al. Plast Surg Nurs 38. 162-165, 2018). In this article, we report a case of recurrent medullary carcinoma thyroid with tracheal infiltration and tracheal resection was done, both of which is extremely rare. A 38-year-old male patient with a history of total thyroidectomy presented with recurrence was referred to our department, his previous biopsy and IHC revealed medullary carcinoma thyroid. Ga-68 DOTA PET CT scan was done which showed PET avid residual mass over right side, multiple bilateral cervical nodes, and tracheal infiltration (Fig. 1) then underwent a bronchoscopy showing involvement of the second, third, and fourth tracheal ring. Bilateral neck dissection with sleeve resection of trachea with overlying residual tumor was done and was sent for frozen which revealed positive margins and re-excision of margins was done, which lead to large defect (Fig. 2) which could not be closed primarily with a Montgomery T Tube. A de-epithelized pectoralis major myocutaneous flap used to close the tracheal defect followed by placing the Montgomery T Tube (Fig. 3).Post-operative period was uneventful. The final histopathology report showed R0 resection of tumor. T tube was removed after 4 weeks.

Surgical strategy for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea: a comparison of tracheal sleeve resection with end-to-end anastomosis and window resection with tracheocutaneous fistula.

Background: Sleeve resection with end-to-end anastomosis (Procedure A) and window resection with a tracheocutaneous fistula (Procedure B) are the major surgical procedures for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) exhibiting transluminal tracheal invasion. For each procedure, the indications, postoperative course, and treatment results were examined retrospectively. Methods: Of 1,456 patients with PTC (maximum tumor diameter >1 cm) who received initial treatment between 1993 and 2013, we reviewed 51 patients. Of these 51 cases, 45 showed full-layer tracheal invasion, and 6 did not reach the tracheal mucosa, but required full-layer tracheal resection. Twenty-four patients underwent Procedure A, and 27 patients underwent Procedure B. Results: Regarding surgical procedure selection, Procedure B was selected significantly more frequently than Procedure A for cases with preoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy, tumor invasion of the esophagus, clinical lymph node metastasis, or a large number of resected tracheal rings. Postoperative airway-related complications were not significantly different between the procedures, but decreased with the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer for Procedure B than for Procedure A. In addition, the rate of a permanent postoperative tracheostoma was higher with Procedure B than with Procedure A. Local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) did not differ significantly between the two procedures. Conclusions: Certain patients may benefit from Procedure A with IONM in terms of a shorter hospital stay and avoiding the need for a permanent tracheostoma. Although Procedure B was indicated for patients with more advanced disease than Procedure A, treatment outcomes were similar.

Unusual loco-regional presentation in papillary carcinoma of thyroid: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Papillary carcinoma of thyroid (PTC) is usually indolent with good prognosis and excellent long-term survival. However, PTC sometimes presents itself in unusual situations, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Owing to paucity of data, there is lack of consensus as to what treatment should be prescribed in patients with loco-regional spread other than the usual sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients of PTC presenting with involvement of the aero-digestive tract, retropharyngeal, and para-pharyngeal lymph nodes and great vessels of the neck are included in this case series. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Though rare, unusual loco-regional presentation of PTC poses challenges in diagnosis and treatment. A keen clinical sense is paramount in effectively diagnosing these cases. Aggressive surgical resection and reconstruction results in good functional and aesthetic outcomes. Further studies are required for establishing specific guidelines on the approach to the treatment of these cases.

Significant Amelioration of Tracheal Stenosis following Lenvatinib in a Patient Who Has Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with Bronchomediastinal Infiltration: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis, and no known drugs have exhibited acceptable efficacy. In recent years, novel anticancer tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed. We encountered a case of tracheal stenosis due to mediastinal and tracheal infiltration of anaplastic carcinoma for which lenvatinib exhibited remarkable effects; owing to this, airway management could be performed, even though the patient's condition was considered critical. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old man presented with locally advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma that was observed to have mediastinal infiltration. Tracheal stenosis due to infiltration of the trachea occurred, and the condition of the patient rapidly deteriorated. Radiation and chemotherapy consisting of cetuximab, cisplatin, and fluorouracil were ineffective, but his tracheal stenosis was relieved 2 weeks after initiation of lenvatinib, after which the patient could be discharged. However, the lenvatinib was ineffective for his liver, bone, and brain metastatic lesions, and the patient remained in a critical condition. CONCLUSION: We encountered a case in which lenvatinib was effective for locally advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, leading to an improvement in quality of life and a prolonged life. The drug was effective for the primary lesion, but mixed efficacy was noted for distant metastatic lesions.

Infiltración traqueal por carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado / Tracheal Infiltration by Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

La invasión traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos bien diferenciados es poco frecuente y la técnica quirúrgica a realizar todavía es motivo de controversia entre los cirujanos. El objetivo del artículo fue revisar la literatura disponible sobre la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medlinede la literatura relacionada con la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides(2000 - 2016). Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras y frases clave en inglés: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasión y las correspondientes a su traducción al español. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La mayoría de los artículos fueron de carácter retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las características clínicas de la lesión y los métodos de diagnóstico: laringotraqueoscopia, citología aspirativa y estudios imaginológicos. Se definieron las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los cuidados de anestesiología. Por último, se realizóla discusión crítica de los métodos de diagnóstico y de las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y el valor e indicación de cada una de estas. El cuadro clínico, la traqueoscopia, la imaginología y el estudio citopatológico son fundamentales para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Siempre que sea posible,la resección circunferencial de la tráquea debe ser la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de pacientes afectados por infiltración traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos diferenciados(AU)

Tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas is rare and surgical technique to be performed is still controversial among surgeons. The aim of this article was to review the available literature on the tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas. A literature review on the literature related to tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas (- 2016 2000) was performed in PubMed / MEDLINE. The following keywords and phrases in English were used: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasion and their corresponding translation into Spanish. No randomized clinical trials were found. Most articles were retrospective. Clinical characteristics of this lesion and its diagnostic methods were evaluated: laryngo-tracheoscopy, aspiration cytology, and imaging studies: clinical characteristics of the lesion and diagnostic methods were evaluated. Surgical indications and anesthesiology care were defined. Finally, a critical discussion was made on the diagnostic methods and surgical techniques used and the value and indication of each. The clinical condition, the tracheoscopy, imaging and cytopathology study are essential to establish the preoperative diagnosis. Wherever possible, the circumferential resection of the trachea should be the technique of choice in the treatment of patients with tracheal infiltration by differentiated thyroid carcinomas(AU)

Infiltración traqueal por carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado / Tracheal Infiltration by Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

La invasión traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos bien diferenciados es poco frecuente y la técnica quirúrgica a realizar todavía es motivo de controversia entre los cirujanos. El objetivo del artículo fue revisar la literatura disponible sobre la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medlinede la literatura relacionada con la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides(2000 - 2016). Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras y frases clave en inglés: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasión y las correspondientes a su traducción al español. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La mayoría de los artículos fueron de carácter retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las características clínicas de la lesión y los métodos de diagnóstico: laringotraqueoscopia, citología aspirativa y estudios imaginológicos. Se definieron las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los cuidados de anestesiología. Por último, se realizóla discusión crítica de los métodos de diagnóstico y de las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y el valor e indicación de cada una de estas. El cuadro clínico, la traqueoscopia, la imaginología y el estudio citopatológico son fundamentales para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Siempre que sea posible,la resección circunferencial de la tráquea debe ser la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de pacientes afectados por infiltración traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos diferenciados(AU)

Tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas is rare and surgical technique to be performed is still controversial among surgeons. The aim of this article was to review the available literature on the tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas. A literature review on the literature related to tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas (- 2016 2000) was performed in PubMed / MEDLINE. The following keywords and phrases in English were used: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasion and their corresponding translation into Spanish. No randomized clinical trials were found. Most articles were retrospective. Clinical characteristics of this lesion and its diagnostic methods were evaluated: laryngo-tracheoscopy, aspiration cytology, and imaging studies: clinical characteristics of the lesion and diagnostic methods were evaluated. Surgical indications and anesthesiology care were defined. Finally, a critical discussion was made on the diagnostic methods and surgical techniques used and the value and indication of each. The clinical condition, the tracheoscopy, imaging and cytopathology study are essential to establish the preoperative diagnosis. Wherever possible, the circumferential resection of the trachea should be the technique of choice in the treatment of patients with tracheal infiltration by differentiated thyroid carcinomas(AU)